There is no doubt that in prehistoric times many areas in Tuscany were already inhabited, as witnessed by interesting finds in the territories of Arezzo, of Siena (Paleolithic) and in the rest of the region (Neolithic and age of metals). Finds from the long period of the bronze age, dating back lo 1500 B.C., are already considered historical and include pottery, tools and weapons in stone, bone and metal. The Villanovan culture belongs to the Iron Age (9th-8th cent. B.C.) and is the prelude to the birth here of the great Etruscan civilization. In the 7th and 6th centuries the Etruscans went beyond the current borders of the region and occupied parts of Latium, Campania, Umbria, the valley of the Po and Corsica. During these centuries the Etruscans controlled a large portion of the peninsula and brought a high degree of civilization and progress to the areas they ruled. But in the 5th-4th centuries they were attacked by other peoples who had in the meantime been growing in power and culture. They gave way lo the Greek and Carthaginian supremacy of the seas and that of the Celts and Romans on land and were in the end forced to stipulate peace treaties with the Romans, who were the new political force on the peninsula.
The policy adopted by the Romans in Etruria was particularly intelligent and permitted the conquered Etruscan cities to retain a partial autonomy. They also sponsored numerous public works (among other they connected Etruria to the most important communication routes). Even so the region slowly and inexorably declined as the population continued to diminish. At the beginning of the Imperial age Tuscany became the VII region of the Roman Empire. In the 3rd century A.D., under the reign of Diocletian, Etruria, now known as Tuscia, was joined to Umbria. In the early Middie Ages Tuscia‘s decline, which was to continue under Lombard rule, set in. Onceflourishing centers such as Lucca, Pisa, Arezzo and Florence became ever less important. The arrivai of the Franks (A.D. 774) marked a turn jor the better. The region was divided into feuds and with feudalism the abandoned cities of Tuscia slowly came back to life. The Crusades meant new life for one city in particular Pisa. A city on the sea, and therefore favored in trade, Pisa was the center where the various Tuscan feudataries met before setting sail for the East from the port of Pisa. In the meanwhile other Tuscan cities, in particular Florence (in the field of textiles) and Siena (for banking .............. MORE
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